wave-like temporal variation of vegetation consumable by animals, e.g., young grass. Such variations occur both on annual and longer time scales (due to climate shift) and have spatial patterns. Use grassland as example. Grassland is a land use type defined in ecology and climate research. The growth of grass has variations on annual scale, and the distribution of grassland changes with climate. For example, Mongolian grassland did not exist during the Last Glacial Maximum, while in Europe grassland was then more prevalent ( Shao et al. 2020, Global and Planetary Change). For each vegetation type, a growth curve which describes the increase of vegetation with time can be defined. ( YS, 12.06.2024 ) test